Kurdish Academy

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⏰ Course 22: Duh (Yesterday)

Talking About the Recent Past | A1 Level

🧩1. Peyvên (Vocabulary): Çalakiyên Rojane

🌅 Sibê (Morning Activities)

Rabûn
To wake up / Got up
Xwe şûştin
To wash / Washed
Xwarin xwarin
To eat / Ate
Çûn
To go / Went
Xwendin
To read/study / Read/Studied
Karîn
To work / Worked
Hevdîtin
To meet / Met
Axaftin
To speak / Spoke

🌆 Êvar (Afternoon/Evening Activities)

Lîstin
To play / Played
Temaşekirin
To watch / Watched
Guhdarîkirin
To listen / Listened
Nivîsandin
To write / Wrote
Pîyadekirin
To walk / Walked
Vegerîn
To return / Returned
Razanîn
To sleep / Slept
Çêkirin
To make / Made

⏰ Demên (Time Expressions)

Duh
Yesterday
Duh sibê
Yesterday morning
Duh êvarê
Yesterday evening
Paşê
Then / After
Piştre
Later / Afterwards
Berî
Before
Piştî
After
Dema ku
When

🧠2. Rêziman (Grammar): Boriya Nêzîk

💡 Simple Past in Kurdish (Boriya Hêsan)

The simple past in Kurdish is used to talk about completed actions in the past, like "yesterday" (duh). It's formed by changing the verb and adding endings. Don't worry - for beginners, you only need to learn the "I" (ez) form!

📌 How to Form the Past Tense

Step 1: Learn the Past Stem

Most verbs change their form in the past. Here are the most common ones you need:

Present/Infinitive Past Stem Meaning
Rabûn rabû- to wake up
Çûn çû- to go
Xwarin (to eat) xwar- to eat
Dîtin dît- to see
Kirin kir to do/make
Razanîn raza- to sleep

Step 2: Add the Ending for "I" (Ez)

For "I" (ez), add -m or -im to the past stem:

Formula: Past Stem + -m or -im

• rabû + m = rabûm (I woke up)
• çû + m = çûm (I went)
• xwar + im = xwarim (I ate)
• dît + im = dîtim (I saw)
• kir = kir (I did/made) - no ending needed!
• raza + m = razam (I slept)

Step 3: Put it in a Sentence

Structure: Duh + ez + [past verb]

Duh ez rabûm = Yesterday I woke up
Duh ez çûm dibistanê = Yesterday I went to school
Duh ez xwarim xwar = Yesterday I ate
Duh ez hevalan dîtim = Yesterday I saw friends
Duh ez kar kir = Yesterday I worked
Duh ez razam = Yesterday I slept

📌 Quick Reference: Most Common Past Verbs

Ez rabûm = I woke up
Ez çûm = I went
Ez xwarim = I ate
Ez dîtim = I saw
Ez kir = I did/made
Ez got = I said
Ez hat = I came
Ez razam = I slept
Ez vegerîyam = I returned
Ez axaftim = I spoke

📌 Connectors (Girêdanên)

Paşê = Then / After that
Piştre = Later / Afterwards
Û = And
Dema ku = When
Piştî ku = After (that)
Berî ku = Before (that)

Examples:
• Ez rabûm, paşê ez xwe şûştim. = I woke up, then I washed.
• Ez xwarim xwar, piştre ez çûm dibistanê. = I ate, later I went to school.
Dema ku ez vegerîyam, ez razam. = When I returned, I slept.

📌 Telling About Yesterday

Basic Structure:
Duh + [time] + ez + [verb in past]

Examples:
Duh ez çûm qehwexaneyê. = Yesterday I went to the café.
Duh sibê ez rabûm saet 7ê. = Yesterday morning I woke up at 7.
Duh êvarê ez hevalan dît. = Yesterday evening I saw friends.
• Ez xwarim xwar, paşê ez derketim. = I ate, then I went out.

💬 Example Story:

Duh ez rabûm saet 7ê. Paşê ez xwe şûştim û xwarim xwar. Ez çûm dibistanê. Li wir ez bi hevalan re axaftim. Piştre ez vegerîyam malê. Êvarê ez razam.

Yesterday I woke up at 7. Then I washed and ate. I went to school. There I spoke with friends. Later I returned home. In the evening I slept.

🎧3. Guhdarîkirin (Listening): Duh Ez...

Listen to these people talking about their yesterday:

🎤

Çîrokên Duh

👤 Leyla:
Duh ez rabûm saet 6ê. Ez çûm bazarê û xwarinên nû kirîm. Paşê ez vegerîyam malê û xwarina nîvro çêkir. Êvarê ez bi malbatê re li televîzyonê temaşe kir.
Yesterday I woke up at 6. I went to the market and bought new food. Then I returned home and made lunch. In the evening I watched TV with family.
👤 Rêzan:
Duh sibê ez çûm dibistanê. Li wir ez dersên xwe xwend. Piştî dibistanê ez bi hevalan re lîstim. Em çûn parkê û pîyadekirin. Êvarê ez xwe westiyayî bûm û zû razam.
Yesterday morning I went to school. There I studied my lessons. After school I played with friends. We went to the park and walked. In the evening I was tired and slept early.
👤 Dilan:
Duh roja min pir xweş bû. Ez çûm qehwexaneyê û bi hevalek re hevdîtin. Em gelek axaftin û kenîn. Paşê ez çûm pirtûkxaneyê û pirtûkek xwend. Êvarê ez li malê bûm.
Yesterday my day was very nice. I went to the café and met with a friend. We talked and laughed a lot. Then I went to the library and read a book. In the evening I was at home.
🎯 Sequence Exercise

Put Leyla's activities in the correct order (click to select in sequence):

Rabûn saet 6ê
Vegerîyan malê
Çûn bazarê
Temaşekirina televîzyonê

📖4. Xwendin (Reading): Roja Min a Duh

Read this mini story about someone's yesterday:

📖 Roja Min a Duh

Duh roja min pir qelebalix bû. Ez rabûm saet 6:30ê. Ez xwe şûştim û cilên xwe li xwe kir. Paşê ez çûm metbexê û taştê xwarim xwar.

Saet 8ê ez çûm karê. Li wir ez bi hevkarên xwe re kar kir. Em projeyek girîng temam kir. Nîvro ez bi hevalekî re çûm xwarinxaneyê. Em xwarineke xweş xwar û gelek axaftin.

Piştî karê ez çûm wargeha werzişê. Ez du saet werzişê kir. Paşê ez xwe şûştim û vegerîyam malê. Ez pir westiyayî bûm.

Êvarê ez li televîzyonê fîlmek temaşe kir. Ez bi malbatê re axaftim. Saet 11ê ez çûm nivînê. Roja min a duh pir baş bû!

🎯 Comprehension Questions

✍️5. Nivîsandin (Writing): Duh di 6 Hevokan de

Write about your yesterday in 6 sentences:

📝 Writing Exercise: My Yesterday

Write 6 sentences about what you did yesterday. Use connectors like paşê (then) and piştre (later).

Example:
Duh ez rabûm saet 7ê. Paşê ez xwarim xwar. Ez çûm dibistanê. Li wir ez dersên xwe xwend. Piştre ez bi hevalan re lîstim. Êvarê ez vegerîyam malê.

🗣️6. Axaftin (Speaking): Çîroka Xwe ya 30 Çirkeyan

Practice telling your yesterday story for 30 seconds:

⏱️ 30-Second Story Challenge

📋 Preparation Checklist

✓ Start with: Duh...
✓ Include at least 4 activities
✓ Use connectors: paşê, piştre, û
✓ Mention times if possible
✓ End with how you felt or what you did in the evening

🎯 Practice Prompts

Choose one to practice:

🎤 Ready to Speak?

When you're ready, start speaking for 30 seconds about your yesterday!

🌿7. Çand (Culture): Kurdish Storytelling Traditions

Discover the rich tradition of storytelling in Kurdish culture:

📚 Çîrokbêjiya Kurdî (Kurdish Storytelling)

🎭 Oral Tradition

Storytelling (çîrokbêjî) is a cornerstone of Kurdish culture. For centuries, before widespread literacy, stories were passed down orally from generation to generation. Dengbêj (traditional bards) would travel from village to village, recounting epic tales, historical events, and folk stories. These storytellers were highly respected and often invited to weddings, celebrations, and gatherings. The tradition continues today, with many families still gathering to hear elders tell stories of the past.

🌙 Evening Storytelling Sessions

In traditional Kurdish households, evenings (êvaran) were prime time for storytelling. After dinner, families would gather around the tendûr (clay oven) or sobê (heater), and elders would share tales. These sessions, called şevbihêrk (night conversations), included folktales like Mem û Zîn, historical accounts, and personal memories. Children learned language, values, and history through these stories. This tradition strengthened family bonds and preserved cultural identity.

📖 Types of Kurdish Stories

Kurdish storytelling encompasses various genres: Çîrokên folklorî (folktales) featuring heroes, animals, and moral lessons; Efsane (legends) about historical figures and places; Bîranînên (memories) of personal or family experiences; and Gotinên pêşiyan (proverbs and sayings) that convey wisdom. The famous love story Mem û Zîn by Ehmedê Xanî is considered the Kurdish Romeo and Juliet. Stories often feature themes of bravery, love, justice, and resistance.

🎵 Dengbêj Tradition

Dengbêj (literally "voice giver") is a unique Kurdish art form combining storytelling with melodic recitation. Dengbêjs perform without musical instruments, using only their powerful voices to tell epic tales, love stories, and historical events. This tradition is particularly strong in Northern Kurdistan (Turkey). Dengbêj performances can last hours, with the artist improvising and adapting stories based on the audience. UNESCO has recognized dengbêj as an important intangible cultural heritage.

💬 Modern Storytelling

While traditional storytelling continues, modern Kurds also share stories through social media, blogs, and video platforms. Many young Kurds record their grandparents' stories to preserve them. Kurdish TV channels feature storytelling programs, and Kurdish literature is flourishing with contemporary authors writing novels and short stories. The phrase "Çîrokek heye..." (There is a story...) still captures attention in any Kurdish gathering, showing that the love for storytelling remains strong across generations.

🔄8. Dubare (Review): Timeline Exercise

🎯 Create Your Yesterday Timeline

Fill in what you did at each time yesterday:

🌅 Sibê (Morning) - 7:00

☀️ Nîvro (Noon) - 12:00

🌆 Piştî Nîvro (Afternoon) - 15:00

🌇 Êvar (Evening) - 18:00

🌙 Şev (Night) - 22:00

🎉 Pîroz be! Congratulations!

You've completed Course 22: Yesterday!
You can now talk about the past, tell stories, and describe what you did yesterday in Kurdish!

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