⏰ Course 22: Duh (Yesterday)
1. Peyvên (Vocabulary): Çalakiyên Rojane
🌅 Sibê (Morning Activities)
🌆 Êvar (Afternoon/Evening Activities)
⏰ Demên (Time Expressions)
2. Rêziman (Grammar): Boriya Nêzîk
💡 Simple Past in Kurdish (Boriya Hêsan)
The simple past in Kurdish is used to talk about completed actions in the past, like "yesterday" (duh). It's formed by changing the verb and adding endings. Don't worry - for beginners, you only need to learn the "I" (ez) form!
📌 How to Form the Past Tense
Step 1: Learn the Past Stem
Most verbs change their form in the past. Here are the most common ones you need:
| Present/Infinitive | Past Stem | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Rabûn | rabû- | to wake up |
| Çûn | çû- | to go |
| Xwarin (to eat) | xwar- | to eat |
| Dîtin | dît- | to see |
| Kirin | kir | to do/make |
| Razanîn | raza- | to sleep |
Step 2: Add the Ending for "I" (Ez)
For "I" (ez), add -m or -im to the past stem:
• rabû + m = rabûm (I woke up)
• çû + m = çûm (I went)
• xwar + im = xwarim (I ate)
• dît + im = dîtim (I saw)
• kir = kir (I did/made) - no ending needed!
• raza + m = razam (I slept)
Step 3: Put it in a Sentence
Structure: Duh + ez + [past verb]
✓ Duh ez çûm dibistanê = Yesterday I went to school
✓ Duh ez xwarim xwar = Yesterday I ate
✓ Duh ez hevalan dîtim = Yesterday I saw friends
✓ Duh ez kar kir = Yesterday I worked
✓ Duh ez razam = Yesterday I slept
📌 Quick Reference: Most Common Past Verbs
• Ez çûm = I went
• Ez xwarim = I ate
• Ez dîtim = I saw
• Ez kir = I did/made
• Ez hat = I came
• Ez razam = I slept
• Ez vegerîyam = I returned
• Ez axaftim = I spoke
📌 Connectors (Girêdanên)
Piştre = Later / Afterwards
Û = And
Dema ku = When
Piştî ku = After (that)
Berî ku = Before (that)
Examples:
• Ez rabûm, paşê ez xwe şûştim. = I woke up, then I washed.
• Ez xwarim xwar, piştre ez çûm dibistanê. = I ate, later I went to school.
• Dema ku ez vegerîyam, ez razam. = When I returned, I slept.
📌 Telling About Yesterday
Duh + [time] + ez + [verb in past]
Examples:
• Duh ez çûm qehwexaneyê. = Yesterday I went to the café.
• Duh sibê ez rabûm saet 7ê. = Yesterday morning I woke up at 7.
• Duh êvarê ez hevalan dît. = Yesterday evening I saw friends.
• Ez xwarim xwar, paşê ez derketim. = I ate, then I went out.
💬 Example Story:
Duh ez rabûm saet 7ê. Paşê ez xwe şûştim û xwarim xwar. Ez çûm dibistanê. Li wir ez bi hevalan re axaftim. Piştre ez vegerîyam malê. Êvarê ez razam.
Yesterday I woke up at 7. Then I washed and ate. I went to school. There I spoke with friends. Later I returned home. In the evening I slept.
3. Guhdarîkirin (Listening): Duh Ez...
Listen to these people talking about their yesterday:
Çîrokên Duh
Put Leyla's activities in the correct order (click to select in sequence):
4. Xwendin (Reading): Roja Min a Duh
Read this mini story about someone's yesterday:
📖 Roja Min a Duh
Duh roja min pir qelebalix bû. Ez rabûm saet 6:30ê. Ez xwe şûştim û cilên xwe li xwe kir. Paşê ez çûm metbexê û taştê xwarim xwar.
Saet 8ê ez çûm karê. Li wir ez bi hevkarên xwe re kar kir. Em projeyek girîng temam kir. Nîvro ez bi hevalekî re çûm xwarinxaneyê. Em xwarineke xweş xwar û gelek axaftin.
Piştî karê ez çûm wargeha werzişê. Ez du saet werzişê kir. Paşê ez xwe şûştim û vegerîyam malê. Ez pir westiyayî bûm.
Êvarê ez li televîzyonê fîlmek temaşe kir. Ez bi malbatê re axaftim. Saet 11ê ez çûm nivînê. Roja min a duh pir baş bû!
5. Nivîsandin (Writing): Duh di 6 Hevokan de
Write about your yesterday in 6 sentences:
Write 6 sentences about what you did yesterday. Use connectors like paşê (then) and piştre (later).
Duh ez rabûm saet 7ê. Paşê ez xwarim xwar. Ez çûm dibistanê. Li wir ez dersên xwe xwend. Piştre ez bi hevalan re lîstim. Êvarê ez vegerîyam malê.
6. Axaftin (Speaking): Çîroka Xwe ya 30 Çirkeyan
Practice telling your yesterday story for 30 seconds:
⏱️ 30-Second Story Challenge
📋 Preparation Checklist
✓ Start with: Duh...
✓ Include at least 4 activities
✓ Use connectors: paşê, piştre, û
✓ Mention times if possible
✓ End with how you felt or what you did in the evening
🎯 Practice Prompts
Choose one to practice:
🎤 Ready to Speak?
When you're ready, start speaking for 30 seconds about your yesterday!
7. Çand (Culture): Kurdish Storytelling Traditions
Discover the rich tradition of storytelling in Kurdish culture:
📚 Çîrokbêjiya Kurdî (Kurdish Storytelling)
🎭 Oral Tradition
Storytelling (çîrokbêjî) is a cornerstone of Kurdish culture. For centuries, before widespread literacy, stories were passed down orally from generation to generation. Dengbêj (traditional bards) would travel from village to village, recounting epic tales, historical events, and folk stories. These storytellers were highly respected and often invited to weddings, celebrations, and gatherings. The tradition continues today, with many families still gathering to hear elders tell stories of the past.
🌙 Evening Storytelling Sessions
In traditional Kurdish households, evenings (êvaran) were prime time for storytelling. After dinner, families would gather around the tendûr (clay oven) or sobê (heater), and elders would share tales. These sessions, called şevbihêrk (night conversations), included folktales like Mem û Zîn, historical accounts, and personal memories. Children learned language, values, and history through these stories. This tradition strengthened family bonds and preserved cultural identity.
📖 Types of Kurdish Stories
Kurdish storytelling encompasses various genres: Çîrokên folklorî (folktales) featuring heroes, animals, and moral lessons; Efsane (legends) about historical figures and places; Bîranînên (memories) of personal or family experiences; and Gotinên pêşiyan (proverbs and sayings) that convey wisdom. The famous love story Mem û Zîn by Ehmedê Xanî is considered the Kurdish Romeo and Juliet. Stories often feature themes of bravery, love, justice, and resistance.
🎵 Dengbêj Tradition
Dengbêj (literally "voice giver") is a unique Kurdish art form combining storytelling with melodic recitation. Dengbêjs perform without musical instruments, using only their powerful voices to tell epic tales, love stories, and historical events. This tradition is particularly strong in Northern Kurdistan (Turkey). Dengbêj performances can last hours, with the artist improvising and adapting stories based on the audience. UNESCO has recognized dengbêj as an important intangible cultural heritage.
💬 Modern Storytelling
While traditional storytelling continues, modern Kurds also share stories through social media, blogs, and video platforms. Many young Kurds record their grandparents' stories to preserve them. Kurdish TV channels feature storytelling programs, and Kurdish literature is flourishing with contemporary authors writing novels and short stories. The phrase "Çîrokek heye..." (There is a story...) still captures attention in any Kurdish gathering, showing that the love for storytelling remains strong across generations.
8. Dubare (Review): Timeline Exercise
Fill in what you did at each time yesterday:
🌅 Sibê (Morning) - 7:00
☀️ Nîvro (Noon) - 12:00
🌆 Piştî Nîvro (Afternoon) - 15:00
🌇 Êvar (Evening) - 18:00
🌙 Şev (Night) - 22:00
🎉 Pîroz be! Congratulations!
You've completed Course 22: Yesterday!
You can now talk about the past, tell stories, and describe what you did yesterday in Kurdish!

