Dengê Nerînî (Passive Voice)
The Passive Voice in Kurdish is used when the focus is on the action or the object receiving the action, rather than who performs the action. Kurdish uses passive constructions less frequently than English.
Formation:
Past Passive: Past participle (xwendraye, kiriye, etc.)
Present Passive: tê + infinitive (tê xwendin, tê kirin, etc.)
Future Passive: dê + tê + infinitive (dê tê xwendin, dê tê kirin, etc.)
Examples:
Past: Pirtûk xwendraye (The book has been read)
Present: Pirtûk tê xwendin (The book is being read)
Future: Pirtûk dê tê xwendin (The book will be read)
Passive Forms for 7 Verbs
1. hatin (to come)
| Form | Passive Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Past | Hatiye / Hatî | Has come / Is come |
| Present | Tê hatin | Is being come |
| Future | Dê tê hatin | Will be come |
Past:
Active: Ez hatim (I came)
Passive: Hatiye (Has come)
Present:
Active: Ez dihatim (I am coming)
Passive: Tê hatin (Is being come)
Future:
Active: Ez dê hêm (I will come)
Passive: Dê tê hatin (Will be come)
2. çûn (to go)
| Form | Passive Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Past | Çûye / Çûyî | Has gone / Is gone |
| Present | Tê çûn | Is being gone |
| Future | Dê tê çûn | Will be gone |
Past:
Active: Ez çûm (I went)
Passive: Çûye (Has gone)
Present:
Active: Ez diçim (I am going)
Passive: Tê çûn (Is being gone)
Future:
Active: Ez dê çim (I will go)
Passive: Dê tê çûn (Will be gone)
3. xwarin (to eat)
| Form | Passive Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Past | Xwariye / Xwarî | Has been eaten |
| Present | Tê xwarin | Is being eaten |
| Future | Dê tê xwarin | Will be eaten |
Past:
Active: Ez nan xwar (I ate bread)
Passive: Nan xwariye (Bread has been eaten)
Present:
Active: Ez nan dixwim (I eat bread)
Passive: Nan tê xwarin (Bread is being eaten)
Future:
Active: Ez dê nan bixwim (I will eat bread)
Passive: Nan dê tê xwarin (Bread will be eaten)
4. xwendin (to read / to study)
| Form | Passive Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Past | Xwendraye / Xwendî | Has been read |
| Present | Tê xwendin | Is being read |
| Future | Dê tê xwendin | Will be read |
Past:
Active: Ez pirtûk xwend (I read a book)
Passive: Pirtûk xwendraye (The book has been read)
Present:
Active: Ez pirtûk dixwînim (I read a book)
Passive: Pirtûk tê xwendin (The book is being read)
Future:
Active: Ez dê pirtûk bixwînim (I will read a book)
Passive: Pirtûk dê tê xwendin (The book will be read)
5. kirin (to do / to make)
| Form | Passive Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Past | Kiriye / Kirî | Has been done |
| Present | Tê kirin | Is being done |
| Future | Dê tê kirin | Will be done |
Past:
Active: Ez kar kir (I did work)
Passive: Kar kiriye (Work has been done)
Present:
Active: Ez kar dikim (I do work)
Passive: Kar tê kirin (Work is being done)
Future:
Active: Ez dê kar bikim (I will do work)
Passive: Kar dê tê kirin (Work will be done)
6. gotin / bêjan (to say / to tell)
| Form | Passive Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Past | Gotiye / Gotî | Has been said |
| Present | Tê gotin | Is being said |
| Future | Dê tê gotin | Will be said |
Past:
Active: Ez rastî got (I told the truth)
Passive: Rastî gotiye (The truth has been told)
Present:
Active: Ez rastî dibêjim (I tell the truth)
Passive: Rastî tê gotin (The truth is being told)
Future:
Active: Ez dê rastî bêjim (I will tell the truth)
Passive: Rastî dê tê gotin (The truth will be told)
7. dîtin (to see)
| Form | Passive Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Past | Dîtiye / Dîtî | Has been seen |
| Present | Tê dîtin | Is being seen |
| Future | Dê tê dîtin | Will be seen |
Past:
Active: Ez film dît (I saw a film)
Passive: Film dîtiye (The film has been seen)
Present:
Active: Ez film dibînim (I see/watch a film)
Passive: Film tê dîtin (The film is being seen)
Future:
Active: Ez dê film bibînim (I will see a film)
Passive: Film dê tê dîtin (The film will be seen)
⚠️ Note:
The passive voice is less commonly used in Kurdish than in English. Kurdish speakers often prefer active constructions. These forms should be verified with native speakers or authoritative sources for specific contexts.